If you were expecting a tidal wave of changes from the Supreme Court, you will be disappointed. On Tuesday, the Court delivered its opinion in Salman v. U.S. Prosecutors can see a glimmer of upside because they do not have to prove that something valuable changed hands in order to prove the crime of insider trading.
Newman was a setback because the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 2nd Circuit, that the insider must “also receive something of a ‘pecuniary or similarly valuable nature’ to prove illegal insider trading.
In a 1983 case, Dirks v. SEC, the Supreme Court had ruled that someone who receives confidential information from an insider and then uses the information to trade can be held liable under insider trading laws when the insider violates his duty to shareholders by disclosing the information. But that depends on whether the insider receives “a direct or indirect personal benefit from the disclosure.” In Dirks, the Court said that jurors could infer a “personal benefit” when the insider either (1) receives something of value in exchange for the tip or (2) “makes a gift of confidential information to a trading relative or friend.”
Newman was under the first option. The prosecutors did not prove that the information was passed between friends or relatives and did not prove that there was an exchange of value. The Salman case is under the second option when the material non-public information was passed between friends and relatives.
The Court’s reasoning is simply that “giving a gift of trading information is the same thing as trading by the tipper followed by a gift of the proceeds.” You are not likely to give a gift to a stranger so there needs to be some other value. You are likely to give a gift to a friend or relative.
I think the Court used the Salman case to state that Dirks is still the standard for insider trading and Newman did not change it. The opinion was forcefully narrow and limited itself to insiders passing material non-public information to friends and relatives.
Sources:
- Salman v. U.S
- Court upholds “friends and family” insider-trading conviction by Amy Howe in SCOTUSBlog
- Supreme Court Hardens Stance on Insider Trading by Aruna Viswanatha and Brent Kendall in The Wall Street Journal